Eco-Towns: Three Models of Green Urban Planning
by Lloyd Alter, Toronto on
Sutton, UK 蘇頓，英國
正當英國房地產市場跟美國一樣跌得一敗塗地，加以當地居民及部份環保人士的反對，英國政府仍計畫興建十座實現烏托邦理想的碳平衡「生態社區」。《衛報》檢視了三座已興建的原型城鎮：
Even as the British real estate market crashes with as much of a thud as the American one did, and even though local residents and some environmentalists are against them, the British government is still planning to build up to ten "eco towns" as utopian visions of carbon-neutral 21st century housing. The Guardian looks at three existing prototypes:
Hammarby Sjostad，斯德哥爾摩
「這裡的住宅裝設雨水回收系統及太陽能板，還有真空吸引的地下垃圾清運系統。居民使用以顏色區別的生物可分解垃圾袋，街上的路燈也都是太陽能的。經過處理的污水變成瓦斯，為鍋爐、巴士、及共乘汽車所用，剩下的污泥則成為森林的肥料，這座森林專門提供冬天房舍保暖所需的木材。房子在設計上盡可能地利用自然光，整個設計希望讓住戶很容易到達公園、小徑等戶外空間。」
Hammarby Sjöstad,
"Homes include rainwater harvesting and solar panels, and there is a vacuum-sorted underground waste removal system. Residents are given colour-coded biodegradable bags for their waste. Even the street lights are solar-powered. Sewage is processed to become gas to fuel cookers, buses and cars in the car pool. The sludge by-product fertilises a forest which is managed to provide wood to heat the houses. They are oriented to maximise natural light and to allow access to outside space which includes parks and footpaths throughout the development."
四海一家社區，道，新墨西哥州
「從沙漠中冒出來的，是130戶用舊輪胎、玻璃空瓶、鋁罐及回收材料做牆壁的住家。」
與其說它是一座生態社區，不如說它是一個生態荒地，因為它的人口密度很低。
Greater World Earthship Community,
"Here, emerging from the desert, is a development of 130 homes with walls built from used tyres full of rammed earth, empty glass bottles and cans and recycled materials."
We would hardly agree that it is an eco-town, more like an eco-exurb, this is pretty low density.
TreeHugger on Earthships:
Earthships: Self-Sustaining Homes
Fleet of Earthships Lands in Brighton
Vauban，近弗萊堡，德國
「將近50%的家庭沒有汽車，而那些駕駛人每年得付1.8萬歐元(約90萬台幣)的停車費。替代方案有汽車共乘方案及電車，那些願意與別人分享自己汽車的人，可以得到一年的免費通行證。約100棟建築物生產的能源超過他們所消耗的，多出來的能源可供應其他地區使用，房屋的暖氣則由臨近的一座火力發電廠供應。
這個社區計劃仔細地思考過許多社會層面的議題，並納入一間糧食合作社、一座生產者超市，還有一個媽媽中心。」
我們都愛極了這個社區。
Vauban, near Freiburg, Germany
" Nearly 50 per cent of households are car free, and car owners have to pay €
Social aspects of the development have been carefully planned and include a co-operative food store, a farmers' market initiative and a mothers' centre."
Our favourite.
TreeHugger on Vauban:
Freiburg Has Solar Flair
Ecocities of Tomorrow: A Visit to Freiburg
How to Build a Green, Car-free Community: Vauban
5 Alternatives to the Buy vs Rent Question
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